Devices For Use in Fish Hatcheries and Aquaria
By Eugene Vincent
ARTIFICIAL POND WITH SIPHOID OUTLET FOR REGULATION OF HEIGHT OF WATER. This pond is made of cement, the bottom having a layer 0.05 meter in thickness and a Honing of 0.02 meter, the sides being 0.08 meter in thickness. The dimensions are 12 to 15 meters by 3 meters, with any desired depth, and the ends are rounded.
Crosswise the bottom slopes from the middle upward at the degree of 0.05 meter per meter, which equals 0.75 meter or a side of 1. 50 meter.
With this slope the pond may be cleaned by simply sweeping toward the center or by means of a few buckets of water thrown against the sides. It is fed by one or more troughs which empty into it with a stream of 0.20.
The pond must be level in lengthwise direction, in order to preclude danger of leaving any dry area below a given height. In the middle of the bottom of the pond, beginning at the intake end and terminating in a circular basin which occupies the opposite end, is a gutter at least 0.50 meter in width and 0.12 to 0.15 meter in depth.
The circular basin is from 1.50 to 1.80 meters in diameter, and 0.20 to 0.30 meter in depth. With the gutter it serves to hold the fish when the water is drawn out of the rest of the pond for cleaning. The cleaning process itself is simplified, since a man may enter for the purpose and walk about on the bottom of the pond.
So far, the pond is not provided with any outlet. In the wall opposite the intake, 0.15 or 0.20 meter above the gutter in the bottom of the pond, is an aperture 0.50-to-0.60-meter square, covered with wire netting. This, however, is not an outlet but an overflow. The outlet proper is in the bottom of the large circular basin and consists first of an opening 0.60-meter square and o.io too. 12 meter deep.
Into this square is set a wooden box with a wire mesh bottom, and this box, filled with coarse gravel, rests upon an iron grating 0.60 by 0.60 meter. Below the grating is a circular basin 0.50 meter in diameter and o.i 5 meter in depth, with an opening in the center which leads into an outflow pipe.
The outlet provided, the regulation of the water level in the pond remains to be accomplished. This is done by carrying the outflow into a tank or other receptacle outside the pond, in which any desired level may be maintained by regulation of its overflow. The latter is controlled by a board wall or dam constructed of removable sections.
In addition to the convenience of this construction in regulating the height of water in the ponds, there is afforded every protection against loss of the small fish, since the water in leaving must pass through gravel the size of hazel nuts: the cleaning of the pond may be accomplished without injury or shock to the fish; all impurities fall into the gutter and are carried off through the circular basin, while the fish, seeking the incoming current, are in the upper strata of water and away from all such impurities as do not pass through the screened outlet; the fish are provided with desirable currents derived from the action of the siphon, and the pond is continuously self-cleaning. When the fish are larger the gravel may be removed, and still later the screen itself may be discarded.
Fish culturists will appreciate the importance of perfect control of their rearing ponds. A construction such as this described is possible wherever there is a fall of at least 1 meter in the water supply, since it is not necessary to take the siphon apparatus into account. There is but one thing absolutely necessary to provide against—namely, the possibility of emptying the pond entirely, down to the screen with the gravel. It is of little importance that the outflow pipe is not emptied; the water will always flow off, on account of the difference of level.
The design has been adopted with satisfactory results in several fish culture establishments in France.
A SIPHOID OUTLET FOR HATCHING AND REARING TROUGHS.
The various systems of outlet in most fish-cultural equipment are defective in several ways, as I have had occasion to observe on visits to different establishments. The young fish escape in the outflow, perhaps, due to its faulty construction or installation; many of them are caught in the perforations of the sheet-iron cap and die there; many others are killed or injured by the fingers that try to rescue them; overflows are caused by the clogging of the perforations; the water is not thoroughly renewed and the trough becomes infected with germs of disease.
All this is too familiar to need to be dwelt upon. I have sought to overcome various difficulties by the following device.
I have provided a large cylindrical wire screen or cage, which is set over the outlet and in closes the
outlet apparatus which I shall describe. The large surface of the screen gives free course to the water without attracting the young fish and thus becoming a means of their destruction.
In the daily procedure of changing the water in the rearing troughs, I desire to be able to lower the level to a given point without the necessity of losing time waiting beside the trough.
To accomplish this I have made, first, for the orifice in the bottom of the trough, a water-tight collar of two pieces screwed together with a leather washer between The lower piece is supplied with lugs extending downward, and into this collar is inserted a tube, making an ordinary standpipe. With this form of outlet, however, the water is renewed only at the surface, the bottom water, with remnants of food, refuse substances, etc., being left unchanged. I have accordingly elaborated the standpipe into a form which constitutes an unfailing cleaning device.
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